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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> PHP高级特性一之正则表达式用法 </h1>
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                <p>在PHP中，我们进行字符串处理时，能用字符串处理函数时我们当然要使用简单的字符串处理函数，但字符串处理函数的能力是有限的，所以我们就需要利用一个更强大的工具，那就是正则表达式。</p>
                <h2 id="简述正则表达式"><a href="#简述正则表达式" class="headerlink" title="简述正则表达式"></a>简述正则表达式</h2>
                <h3 id="正则表达式是什么？"><a href="#正则表达式是什么？" class="headerlink" title="正则表达式是什么？"></a>正则表达式是什么？</h3>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>正则表达式就是描述字符串排列模式的一种自定义语法规则。正则表达式就是通过构建具有特定规则的模式，和输入字符串信息进行比较，然后进行分割、匹配、查找、替换等等的相关操作。正则表达式不是PHP中独有的，多种语言均可以使用正则表达式，在这里我们介绍正则在PHP中的用法。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <h3 id="使用场合"><a href="#使用场合" class="headerlink" title="使用场合"></a>使用场合</h3>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>1. PHP中，如果可以用字符串处理函数完成的任务，我们就不要使用正则表达式。 2. 有一些复杂的操作，例如格式检验等等，只能用正则表达式完成。 3. 正则表达式也是一个字符串，但是它是具有特殊意义的字符串。 4. 它具有一些编写规则，也是一种模式，也可以把它看做一种编程语言。 5. 只有把正则表达式运用到某个函数中使用，才能发挥出正则表达式的作用，否则，它便是一个简单的字符串。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <h3 id="小例子"><a href="#小例子" class="headerlink" title="小例子"></a>小例子</h3>
                <p>图片的匹配例子</p>
                <figure class="highlight taggerscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">"/<span class="symbol">\&lt;</span>img<span class="symbol">\s</span>*src=<span class="symbol">\"</span>.*?<span class="symbol">\"</span><span class="symbol">\/</span><span class="symbol">\&gt;</span>/iu"</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这就是匹配HTML中的一个图片标签，例如可以匹配</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&lt;img <span class="attribute">src</span>=<span class="string">"a.jpg"</span>/&gt;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="PHP中的正则表达式函数库"><a href="#PHP中的正则表达式函数库" class="headerlink" title="PHP中的正则表达式函数库"></a>PHP中的正则表达式函数库</h2>
                <p>在PHP中，有两套正则表达式函数库。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>1.POSIX 扩展的正则表达式函数（ereg<em>）。 2.Perl 兼容的正则表达式函数（preg</em>）。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>Perl 兼容的函数库是后加的函数库，功能更加强大，另外JavaScript 和 Perl 语言里面也会兼容这种模式，所以推荐学习 Perl 语言兼容的函数库。 在学习时，我们就需要学习下面两点</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>1. 正则表达式的语法 2. PHP中正则表达式的处理函数</p>
                </blockquote>
                <h2 id="正则表达式的语法"><a href="#正则表达式的语法" class="headerlink" title="正则表达式的语法"></a>正则表达式的语法</h2>
                <p>任何正则表达式都是由定界符号、原子、元字符、模式修正符号四部分来组成的。下面我们以上面的例子依次来介绍这四部分内容。</p>
                <figure class="highlight taggerscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">"/<span class="symbol">\&lt;</span>img<span class="symbol">\s</span>*src=<span class="symbol">\"</span>.*?<span class="symbol">\"</span><span class="symbol">\/</span><span class="symbol">\&gt;</span>/iu"</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="1-定界符号"><a href="#1-定界符号" class="headerlink" title="1. 定界符号"></a>1. 定界符号</h3>
                <p>除了字母，数字和反斜杠 \ 以外的所有字符均可以为定界符。上面的例子中，开头和末尾的两个斜线 / 便作为定界符，我们还可以利用其它字符来定义，例如 | |，{ }，# #等等，不过我们一般是使用斜线 / 作为定界符。</p>
                <h3 id="2-原子"><a href="#2-原子" class="headerlink" title="2. 原子"></a>2. 原子</h3>
                <p>上面的例子中，img \s 均为原子。原子是正则表达式的最基本的组成单位，而且必须至少包含一个原子，正则表达式中可以单独使用的字符，就是原子。 使用时注意事项总结如下 <strong>1）原子包括所有打印字符和非打印字符，打印字符就是我们可以在屏幕上看到的字符例如abc等等，非打印字符就是我们看不到的字符，例如空格，回车等等。</strong> <strong>2）\. \* \+ \? \&lt; \( \&lt; \&gt;，所有有意义的字符，如果想作为原子使用，必须统统使用 \ 转义字符转义。</strong> <strong>3）转义字符 \ 可以将有意义的字符转为有意义的字符，例如 <em> 是元字符，代表匹配一个字符零到多次，但是 \</em> 就代表了 * 这个字符。</strong> <strong>4）另外转义字符还可以将没有意义的字符转成有意义的字符，例如 \d 可以表示任意一个十进制数字。总结如下：</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>\d：表示任意一个十进制的数字。 \D：表示任意一个除数字以外的字符。 \s：表示任意一个空白字符，如空格、回车、\t、\n \S：表示任意一个非空白 \w：表示任意一个字，包括 a-z，A-Z，0-9，下划线_ \W：表示任意一个非字，\w 之外的任意一个字符</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p><strong>5）自定义原子表，定义一个中括号，表示匹配中括号中的任何一个内容，注意是任何一个。例如</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>正则表达式 “/[123]/“ 和字符串 “abc2”可以匹配成功。 正则表达式 “/[a-z]/“ 和字符串 “x3”可以匹配成功。 正则表达式 “/[1-3a-z]/“ 和字符串 “x”可以匹配成功。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p><strong>在这里<sup><a href="#fn_" id="reffn_"></a></sup>中括号里面写入^代表取反，表示除了原子表中的原子，但是^必须写在[]的第一个字符上。例如</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p><sup><a href="#fn_a-z" id="reffn_a-z">a-z</a></sup>代表除了a-z的所有字符 <sup><a href="#fn_\\n\\t" id="reffn_\\n\\t">\\n\\t</a></sup>代表除了换行和制表的所有字符</p>
                </blockquote>
                <h3 id="3-元字符"><a href="#3-元字符" class="headerlink" title="3. 元字符"></a>3. 元字符</h3>
                <p>上面的例子中，<em> ？均为元字符。元字符就是用来修饰原子的字符，不可以单独出现。 例如 </em> 代表匹配前面的原子零到多次，但如果想匹配 <em>，则必须要加转义号 \</em> 来表示 ，特殊地，. 点也可以表示原子 元字符总结分类如下 <strong>1）* 表示其前面的原子可以出现 0 至多次</strong> <strong>2）+ 表示前面的原子可以出现 1 至多次，即至少一个原子</strong> <strong>3）？ 表示前面的原子可以出现 0 次或 1 次</strong> <strong>4）{ } 用于自己定义前面原子出现的次数，另外分为以下几种</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>{m}，m表示一个整数，则前面的数字必须出现m次 {m，n}，m，n表示两个整数，m&lt;n，表示前面出现的原子最少出现 m 次，最多出现 n 次。 {m,} m表示一个整数，表示最少出现 m 次，最多无限 所以 * 可以表示为 {0,}，+ 可以表示为{1,}，? 表示为 {0,1}</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p><strong>5）. 默认情况下，表示除换行符外任意一个字符，和 * 组合表示可以匹配任意字符串，和 + 组合表示至少一个字符串</strong> <strong>6）^ 直接在一个正则表达式的第一个字符出现，表示字符串必须以这个正则表达式开始，例如</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>^okay，表示字符串必须以 okay 开头</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p><strong>7）$ 直接在一个正则表达式的最后一个字符出现，则表示字符串必须以这个正则表达式结尾，例如</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>okay$，表示字符串必须以 okay 结尾。 注意：^okay$只是匹配一个okay字符，若要匹配 okay 开头okay结尾，则正则表达式可以写为 ^okay.*okay$</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p><strong>8）| 表示或的关系，它的优先级是最低的，最后考虑它的功能</strong> <strong>9）\b 表示一个边界，例如</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>字符串 this is island，那么 \bis\b 则可以匹配，它匹配的是中间的 is，is两边是有边界的。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p><strong>10）\B 表示一个非边界，例如</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>\Bis\b，则匹配第一个is，\bis\B则匹配第三个 is</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p><strong>11）（） 括号，重点，作用总结如下</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p><strong>（1）将括号里面的元素作为一个大原子使用</strong> 即作为一个整体使用，例如 (abc)+，可以匹配abcabc…. <strong>（2）改变优先级</strong> 加上括号可以提高其优先级别。 <strong>（3）作为子模式使用</strong> 正则表达式中添加括号相当于添加了子模式。全部匹配作为一个大模式，放到数组的第一个元素中，每个()是一个子模式按顺序放到数组的其它元素中去。 在下面所说的 preg_match 方法中，结果会被赋值到 $arr 变量中，先匹配外层模式，再匹配内层模式。</p>
                  <figure class="highlight tex">
                    <table>
                      <tr>
                        <td class="gutter">
                          <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                        <td class="code">
                          <pre><span class="line"><span class="formula">$pattern="/(<span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;4&#125;</span></span>(<span class="tag">\<span class="name">W</span></span>)<span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;2&#125;</span></span><span class="tag">\<span class="name">W</span></span><span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;2&#125;</span></span>)<span class="tag">\<span class="name">s</span></span>+(<span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;2&#125;</span></span>(<span class="tag">\<span class="name">W</span></span>)<span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;2&#125;</span></span><span class="tag">\<span class="name">W</span></span><span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;2&#125;</span></span>)<span class="tag">\<span class="name">s</span></span>+(?:am|pm)/"; //正则表达式模式</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="formula">$</span>string="today is 2010/09/15 15:35:28 pm..."; //需要和上面模式字符串进行匹配的变量字符串</span><br><span class="line">if(preg_match(<span class="formula">$pattern, $</span>string, <span class="formula">$arr))&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="formula">print_r($</span>arr);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                    </table>
                  </figure>
                  <p>结果</p>
                  <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                    <table>
                      <tr>
                        <td class="gutter">
                          <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                        <td class="code">
                          <pre><span class="line">Array</span><br><span class="line">(</span><br><span class="line">    [<span class="number">0</span>] =&gt; <span class="number">2010</span>/<span class="number">09</span>/<span class="number">15</span> <span class="number">15</span>:<span class="number">35</span>:<span class="number">28</span> pm</span><br><span class="line">    [<span class="number">1</span>] =&gt; <span class="number">2010</span>/<span class="number">09</span>/<span class="number">15</span></span><br><span class="line">    [<span class="number">2</span>] =&gt; /</span><br><span class="line">    [<span class="number">3</span>] =&gt; <span class="number">15</span>:<span class="number">35</span>:<span class="number">28</span></span><br><span class="line">    [<span class="number">4</span>] =&gt; :</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                    </table>
                  </figure>
                  <p><strong>（4）取消子模式</strong> 就将它作为大原子或者改变优先级使用。 只要在模式前面加一个 ?: 就可以取消子模式，例如</p>
                  <figure class="highlight coq">
                    <table>
                      <tr>
                        <td class="gutter">
                          <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                        <td class="code">
                          <pre><span class="line">(?:am|<span class="type">pm</span>) //即不把（am|<span class="type">pm</span>）作为一个子模式，直接将 am|<span class="type">pm</span> 看做一个整体来使用。</span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                    </table>
                  </figure>
                  <p><strong>（5）反向引用</strong> 可以在模式中直接将子模式取出来，再作为正则表达式模式的一部分， 如果是在正则表达式像替换函数preg_replace函数中， 可以将子模式取出， 在被替换的字符串中使用 \1 取第一个子模式、 \2取第二个子模式， …. \5 (注意是单引号还是双引号引起来的正则) “\\1” 在双引号引起来的正则，它是可以解释转义字符的，所以 \1 必须要写成 \\1 ‘\1’ 在单引号引起来的正则中，则不会出现这种情况，\1 仍然可以写成 \1 例如</p>
                  <figure class="highlight tex">
                    <table>
                      <tr>
                        <td class="gutter">
                          <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                        <td class="code">
                          <pre><span class="line"><span class="formula">$pattern="/<span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;4&#125;</span></span>(<span class="tag">\<span class="name">W</span></span>)<span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;2&#125;</span></span><span class="tag">\<span class="name">\</span></span>1<span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;2&#125;</span></span><span class="tag">\<span class="name">s</span></span>+<span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;2&#125;</span></span>(<span class="tag">\<span class="name">W</span></span>)<span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;2&#125;</span></span><span class="tag">\<span class="name">\</span></span>2<span class="tag">\<span class="name">d</span><span class="string">&#123;2&#125;</span></span><span class="tag">\<span class="name">s</span></span>+(?:am|pm)/"; //正则表达式模式</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="formula">$</span>string="today is 2010/09/15 15:35:28 pm..."; //需要和上面模式字符串进行匹配的变量字符串</span><br><span class="line">if(preg_match(<span class="formula">$pattern, $</span>string, <span class="formula">$arr))&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="formula"> echo "正则表达式 &lt;b&gt;&#123;$</span>pattern&#125; &lt;/b&gt;和字符串 &lt;b&gt;&#123;<span class="formula">$string&#125;&lt;/b&gt; 匹配成功&lt;br&gt;";</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="formula"> print_r($</span>arr);</span><br><span class="line"> echo '&lt;/pre&gt;';</span><br><span class="line"> &#125;</span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                    </table>
                  </figure>
                  <p>在上面的例子中，因为(\W)已经匹配了第一个斜杠/，它已经作为第一个子模式保存起来了，我们想继续使用这个匹配，我们就可以用 \\1 来表示，如果是单引号引起来的正则，则直接用 \1 来表示就可以了，后面的 \\2 和它是同样的原理。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <h3 id="4-模式修正符号"><a href="#4-模式修正符号" class="headerlink" title="4. 模式修正符号"></a>4. 模式修正符号</h3>
                <p>上面的例子中，最后 / 后面的 i u 即为模式修正符号。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p><strong>1）就是几个字母</strong> <strong>2）可以一次使用一个，每一个都具有一定的意义，也可以连续使用多个符号</strong> <strong>3）放在最后面，是对整个正则表达式调优用的，也可以说是对正则表达式功能的扩展。</strong> 归类如下： <strong>i</strong>：表示在和模式进行匹配时不区分大小写 <strong>m</strong>：将每一行字符视为新的一行，也就是换行符后任何一行都可以当做一个整体字符串，主要的影响就在于 ^ 号和 $ 号。 例如：</p>
                  <figure class="highlight lasso">
                    <table>
                      <tr>
                        <td class="gutter">
                          <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                        <td class="code">
                          <pre><span class="line">$pattern = <span class="string">'/^abc/m'</span></span><br><span class="line">$string =<span class="string">'cde</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> abcd</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> efg'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//可以匹配成功，因为加入m之后，第二行的abcd也当做一行了，也算是以abc开头</span></span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                    </table>
                  </figure>
                  <p> <strong>s</strong>：如果没有使用这个模式修正符号，那么 “.” 是不能当做换行符的，加入s，将字符串视为单行，那么 “.” 也就可以表示换行符了。 <strong>x</strong>：模式中的空白忽略不计，注意是模式中的。</p>
                  <figure class="highlight arcade">
                    <table>
                      <tr>
                        <td class="gutter">
                          <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                        <td class="code">
                          <pre><span class="line"><span class="symbol">$patter</span>n = <span class="string">'/a b c/x'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="symbol">$stri</span>ng =<span class="string">'abc'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//可以匹配成功，因为加入x之后，a b c直接当做abc来看</span></span><br></pre>
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                    </table>
                  </figure>
                  <p><strong>e</strong>：正则表达式必须使用在 preg_replace 函数中使用 <strong>A</strong>：必须以正则表达式开头，也就相当于前面加了 ^ <strong>Z</strong>：必须以正则表达式结尾，相当于后面加了 $ <strong>U</strong>：取消贪婪模式，或者 .*? 也可以取消贪婪模式，不过两个同时使用时会导致相反的结果，相当于负负得正的影响，同时出现则会又开启了贪婪模式 。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>综上所述，正则表达式的组成为 /原子和元字符/模式修正符号，其中 / 为定界符号，不过有一些语言是不需要这个定界符的，例如 Python 等。</p>
                <h3 id="5-元字符的优先级（了解）"><a href="#5-元字符的优先级（了解）" class="headerlink" title="5.元字符的优先级（了解）"></a>5.元字符的优先级（了解）</h3>
                <p>1）\ 转义符最高 2）()，(?:)，{ }，括号其次 3）* + ？ {} 4）^ $ \b 5）|</p>
                <h3 id="6-常用的正则表达式"><a href="#6-常用的正则表达式" class="headerlink" title="6.常用的正则表达式"></a>6.常用的正则表达式</h3>
                <p><strong>1）校验数字的表达式</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>1 数字：^[0-9]<em>$ 2 n位的数字：^\d{n}$ 3 至少n位的数字：^\d{n,}$ 4 m-n位的数字：^\d{m,n}$ 5 零和非零开头的数字：^(0|[1-9][0-9]</em>)$ 6 非零开头的最多带两位小数的数字：^([1-9][0-9]<em>)+(.[0-9]{1,2})?$ 7 带1-2位小数的正数或负数：^(\-)?\d+(\.\d{1,2})?$ 8 正数、负数、和小数：^(\-|\+)?\d+(\.\d+)?$ 9 有两位小数的正实数：^[0-9]+(.[0-9]{2})?$ 10 有1~3位小数的正实数：^[0-9]+(.[0-9]{1,3})?$ 11 非零的正整数：^[1-9]\d</em>$ 或 ^([1-9][0-9]<em>){1,3}$ 或 ^\+?[1-9][0-9]</em>$ 12 非零的负整数：^\-[1-9][]0-9”<em>$ 或 ^-[1-9]\d</em>$ 13 非负整数：^\d+$ 或 ^[1-9]\d<em>|0$ 14 非正整数：^-[1-9]\d</em>|0$ 或 ^((-\d+)|(0+))$ 15 非负浮点数：^\d+(\.\d+)?$ 或 ^[1-9]\d<em>\.\d</em>|0\.\d<em>[1-9]\d</em>|0?\.0+|0$ 16 非正浮点数：^((-\d+(\.\d+)?)|(0+(\.0+)?))$ 或 ^(-([1-9]\d<em>\.\d</em>|0\.\d<em>[1-9]\d</em>))|0?\.0+|0$ 17 正浮点数：^[1-9]\d<em>\.\d</em>|0\.\d<em>[1-9]\d</em>$ 或 ^(([0-9]+\.[0-9]<em>[1-9][0-9]</em>)|([0-9]<em>[1-9][0-9]</em>\.[0-9]+)|([0-9]<em>[1-9][0-9]</em>))$ 18 负浮点数：^-([1-9]\d<em>\.\d</em>|0\.\d<em>[1-9]\d</em>)$ 或 ^(-(([0-9]+\.[0-9]<em>[1-9][0-9]</em>)|([0-9]<em>[1-9][0-9]</em>\.[0-9]+)|([0-9]<em>[1-9][0-9]</em>)))$ 19 浮点数：^(-?\d+)(\.\d+)?$ 或 ^-?([1-9]\d<em>\.\d</em>|0\.\d<em>[1-9]\d</em>|0?\.0+|0)$</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p><strong>2）校验字符的表达式</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>1 汉字：^[\u4e00-\u9fa5]{0,}$ 2 英文和数字：^[A-Za-z0-9]+$ 或 ^[A-Za-z0-9]{4,40}$ 3 长度为3-20的所有字符：^.{3,20}$ 4 由26个英文字母组成的字符串：^[A-Za-z]+$ 5 由26个大写英文字母组成的字符串：^[A-Z]+$ 6 由26个小写英文字母组成的字符串：^[a-z]+$ 7 由数字和26个英文字母组成的字符串：^[A-Za-z0-9]+$ 8 由数字、26个英文字母或者下划线组成的字符串：^\w+$ 或 ^\w{3,20}$ 9 中文、英文、数字包括下划线：^[\u4E00-\u9FA5A-Za-z0-9_]+$ 10 中文、英文、数字但不包括下划线等符号：^[\u4E00-\u9FA5A-Za-z0-9]+$ 或 ^[\u4E00-\u9FA5A-Za-z0-9]{2,20}$ 11 可以输入含有^%&amp;’,;=?$\“等字符：<sup><a href="#fn_%&',;=?$\\x22" id="reffn_%&',;=?$\\x22">%&',;=?$\\x22</a></sup>+ 12 禁止输入含有~的字符：<sup><a href="#fn_~\\x22" id="reffn_~\\x22">~\\x22</a></sup>+</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p><strong>3）特殊需求表达式</strong></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>1 Email地址：^\w+([-+.]\w+)<em>@\w+([-.]\w+)</em>\.\w+([-.]\w+)<em>$ 2 域名：[a-zA-Z0-9][-a-zA-Z0-9]{0,62}(/.[a-zA-Z0-9][-a-zA-Z0-9]{0,62})+/.? 3 InternetURL：[a-zA-z]+://<sup><a href="#fn_\\s" id="reffn_\\s">\\s</a></sup></em> 或 ^<a href="http://([\\w-]+\\.)+[\\w-]+(/[\\w-./?%&amp;=]*)?$">http://([\\w-]+\\.)+[\\w-]+(/[\\w-./?%&amp;=]*)?$</a> 4 手机号码：^(13[0-9]|14[5|7]|15[0|1|2|3|5|6|7|8|9]|18[0|1|2|3|5|6|7|8|9])\d{8}$ 5 电话号码(“XXX-XXXXXXX”、”XXXX-XXXXXXXX”、”XXX-XXXXXXX”、”XXX-XXXXXXXX”、”XXXXXXX”和”XXXXXXXX)：^(\(\d{3,4}-)|\d{3.4}-)?\d{7,8}$ 6 国内电话号码(0511-4405222、021-87888822)：\d{3}-\d{8}|\d{4}-\d{7} 7 身份证号(15位、18位数字)：^\d{15}|\d{18}$ 8 短身份证号码(数字、字母x结尾)：^([0-9]){7,18}(x|X)?$ 或 ^\d{8,18}|[0-9x]{8,18}|[0-9X]{8,18}?$ 9 帐号是否合法(字母开头，允许5-16字节，允许字母数字下划线)：^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]{4,15}$ 10 密码(以字母开头，长度在6~18之间，只能包含字母、数字和下划线)：^[a-zA-Z]\w{5,17}$ 11 强密码(必须包含大小写字母和数字的组合，不能使用特殊字符，长度在8-10之间)：^(?=.<em>\d)(?=.</em>[a-z])(?=.<em>[A-Z]).{8,10}$ 12 日期格式：^\d{4}-\d{1,2}-\d{1,2} 13 一年的12个月(01～09和1～12)：^(0?[1-9]|1[0-2])$ 14 一个月的31天(01～09和1～31)：^((0?[1-9])|((1|2)[0-9])|30|31)$ 15 钱的输入格式： 16 1.有四种钱的表示形式我们可以接受:”10000.00” 和 “10,000.00”, 和没有 “分” 的 “10000” 和 “10,000”：^[1-9][0-9]</em>$ 17 2.这表示任意一个不以0开头的数字,但是,这也意味着一个字符”0”不通过,所以我们采用下面的形式：^(0|[1-9][0-9]<em>)$ 18 3.一个0或者一个不以0开头的数字.我们还可以允许开头有一个负号：^(0|-?[1-9][0-9]</em>)$ 19 4.这表示一个0或者一个可能为负的开头不为0的数字.让用户以0开头好了.把负号的也去掉,因为钱总不能是负的吧.下面我们要加的是说明可能的小数部分：^[0-9]+(.[0-9]+)?$ 20 5.必须说明的是,小数点后面至少应该有1位数,所以”10.”是不通过的,但是 “10” 和 “10.2” 是通过的：^[0-9]+(.[0-9]{2})?$ 21 6.这样我们规定小数点后面必须有两位,如果你认为太苛刻了,可以这样：^[0-9]+(.[0-9]{1,2})?$ 22 7.这样就允许用户只写一位小数.下面我们该考虑数字中的逗号了,我们可以这样：^[0-9]{1,3}(,[0-9]{3})<em>(.[0-9]{1,2})?$ 23 8.1到3个数字,后面跟着任意个 逗号+3个数字,逗号成为可选,而不是必须：^([0-9]+|[0-9]{1,3}(,[0-9]{3})</em>)(.[0-9]{1,2})?$ 24 备注：这就是最终结果了,别忘了”+”可以用”<em>“替代如果你觉得空字符串也可以接受的话(奇怪,为什么?)最后,别忘了在用函数时去掉去掉那个反斜杠,一般的错误都在这里 25 xml文件：^([a-zA-Z]+-?)+[a-zA-Z0-9]+\\.[x|X][m|M][l|L]$ 26 中文字符的正则表达式：[\u4e00-\u9fa5] 27 双字节字符：<sup><a href="#fn_\\x00-\\xff" id="reffn_\\x00-\\xff">\\x00-\\xff</a></sup> (包括汉字在内，可以用来计算字符串的长度(一个双字节字符长度计2，ASCII字符计1)) 28 空白行的正则表达式：\n\s</em>\r (可以用来删除空白行) 29 HTML标记的正则表达式：&lt;(\S<em>?)<sup><a href="#fn_>" id="reffn_>">></a></sup></em>&gt;.<em>?&lt;/\1&gt;|&lt;.</em>? /&gt; (网上流传的版本太糟糕，上面这个也仅仅能部分，对于复杂的嵌套标记依旧无能为力) 30 首尾空白字符的正则表达式：^\s<em>|\s</em>$或(^\s<em>)|(\s</em>$) (可以用来删除行首行尾的空白字符(包括空格、制表符、换页符等等)，非常有用的表达式) 31 腾讯QQ号：[1-9][0-9]{4,} (腾讯QQ号从10000开始) 32 中国邮政编码：[1-9]\d{5}(?!\d) (中国邮政编码为6位数字) 33 IP地址：\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+ (提取IP地址时有用)</p>
                </blockquote>
                <h2 id="PHP正则表达式处理函数"><a href="#PHP正则表达式处理函数" class="headerlink" title="PHP正则表达式处理函数"></a>PHP正则表达式处理函数</h2>
                <h3 id="1-int-preg-match-string-pattern-string-subject-array-matches-int-flags"><a href="#1-int-preg-match-string-pattern-string-subject-array-matches-int-flags" class="headerlink" title="1. int preg_match ( string pattern, string subject [, array matches [, int flags]] )"></a>1. int preg_match ( string pattern, string subject [, array matches [, int flags]] )</h3>
                <p>用法：</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>1）在 subject 字符串中搜索与 pattern 给出的正则表达式相匹配的内容。 2）如果提供了 matches，则其会被搜索的结果所填充。$matches[0] 将包含与整个模式匹配的文本，$matches[1] 将包含与第一个捕获的括号中的子模式所匹配的文本，以此类推。 3）flags 参数自 PHP 4.3.0 起可用，flags 可以是下列标记： PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE 如果设定本标记，对每个出现的匹配结果也同时返回其附属的字符串偏移量。注意这改变了返回的数组的值，使其中的每个单元也是一个数组，其中第一项为匹配字符串，第二项为其偏移量。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>例如下面的例子，匹配一个URL</p>
                <figure class="highlight bash">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="variable">$str</span>=<span class="string">"这是一个正则表https://www.baidu.com达式的匹配函数"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$url</span>=<span class="string">"/(https?|ftps?):\/\/((www|mail|news)\.([^\.\/]+)\.(com|org|net))/i"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span>(preg_match(<span class="variable">$url</span>, <span class="variable">$str</span>, <span class="variable">$arr</span>))&#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"字符串中有正确的URL信息&lt;br&gt;"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'&lt;pre&gt;'</span>;</span><br><span class="line">print_r(<span class="variable">$arr</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'&lt;/pre&gt;'</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"主机："</span>.<span class="variable">$arr</span>[2].<span class="string">"&lt;br&gt;"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;<span class="keyword">else</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"字符串中不包括URL"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="2-int-preg-match-all-string-pattern-string-subject-array-matches-int-flags"><a href="#2-int-preg-match-all-string-pattern-string-subject-array-matches-int-flags" class="headerlink" title="2. int preg_match_all ( string pattern, string subject [, array matches [, int flags]] )"></a>2. int preg_match_all ( string pattern, string subject [, array matches [, int flags]] )</h3>
                <p>与 preg_match_all 用法完全一致，不过它匹配的是所有的信息。 例如下面的例子，匹配的是所有符合正则表达式的内容</p>
                <figure class="highlight stata">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="variable">$str</span>="这是一个正则表https:<span class="comment">//www.baidu.com达式的匹配函数</span></span><br><span class="line">这是一个正则表http:<span class="comment">//www.baidu1.com达式的匹配函数</span></span><br><span class="line">这是一个正则表https:<span class="comment">//mail.baidu2.com达式的匹配函数</span></span><br><span class="line">这是一个正则表https:<span class="comment">//news.baidu3.com达式的匹配函数</span></span><br><span class="line">这是一个正则表https:<span class="comment">//www.baidu4.org达式的匹配函数</span></span><br><span class="line">这是一个正则表https:<span class="comment">//www.baidu5.net达式的匹配函数</span></span><br><span class="line">这是一个正则表ftps:<span class="comment">//www.baidu6.com达式的匹配函数</span></span><br><span class="line">这是一个正则表ftp:<span class="comment">//www.google7.com达式的匹配函数</span></span><br><span class="line">这是一个正则表https:<span class="comment">//www.baidu7.net达式的匹配函数</span></span><br><span class="line">";</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$url</span>=<span class="string">"/(https?|ftps?):\/\/((www|mail|news)\.([^\.\/]+)\.(com|org|net))/i"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span>(preg_match_all(<span class="variable">$url</span>, <span class="variable">$str</span>, <span class="variable">$arr</span>))&#123;</span><br><span class="line">echo <span class="string">"字符串中有正确的URL信息&lt;br&gt;"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">echo '&lt;pre&gt;';</span><br><span class="line">print_r(<span class="variable">$arr</span>);</span><br><span class="line">echo '&lt;/pre&gt;';</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">echo <span class="string">"主机："</span>.<span class="variable">$arr</span>[2].<span class="string">"&lt;br&gt;"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;<span class="keyword">else</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">echo <span class="string">"字符串中不包括URL"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>上面的输出结果 $arr 的结果没有将一次次匹配的结果分开，也就是所有的子模式都写入一个数组中，没有将结果分成单独的一个数组。 结果中 第零个数组包含了所有的全模式，第一个数组包含了所有的第一个子模式。 可以通过修改上面的代码，实现结果的分开显示。</p>
                <figure class="highlight bash">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span>(preg_match_all(<span class="variable">$url</span>, <span class="variable">$str</span>, <span class="variable">$arr</span>,PREG_SET_ORDER))&#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"字符串中有正确的URL信息&lt;br&gt;"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'&lt;pre&gt;'</span>;</span><br><span class="line">print_r(<span class="variable">$arr</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'&lt;/pre&gt;'</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"主机："</span>.<span class="variable">$arr</span>[2].<span class="string">"&lt;br&gt;"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;<span class="keyword">else</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"字符串中不包括URL"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在上面的 preg_match_all 方法中，第四个参数传入 PREG_SET_ORDER，即可实现每一个全模式和子模式的分开展示。 其实，默认模式的参数即为 PREG_PATTERN_ORDER，传入该参数即相当于不传入参数。</p>
                <h3 id="3-mixed-preg-replace-mixed-pattern-mixed-replacement-mixed-subject-int-limit"><a href="#3-mixed-preg-replace-mixed-pattern-mixed-replacement-mixed-subject-int-limit" class="headerlink" title="3.mixed preg_replace(mixed pattern,mixed replacement,mixed subject [,int limit])"></a>3.mixed preg_replace(mixed pattern,mixed replacement,mixed subject [,int limit])</h3>
                <p>替换函数，pattern是正则表达式，replacement是替换成的内容，也就是把匹配到符合正则表达式的内容替换为 replacement，subject是查找的字符串，即替换的是这个字符串里面的内容。</p>
                <figure class="highlight bash">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="variable">$str</span>=<span class="string">" 字符串中php的替换函数，系统提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字lamp符串中的替换函数，系统php提供的 字符串中的替换函数"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="variable">$str</span>.<span class="string">"&lt;br&gt;"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> preg_replace(<span class="string">"/[a-zA-z]+/"</span>,<span class="string">''</span>,<span class="variable">$str</span>);</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>执行该程序就会将str字符串中的字母替换为空。 另外，可以指定替换的次数，也就是第四个参数</p>
                <figure class="highlight bash">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="variable">$str</span>=<span class="string">" 字符串中php的替换函数，系统提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字lamp符串中的替换函数，系统php提供的 字符串中的替换函数"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="variable">$str</span>.<span class="string">"&lt;br&gt;"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> preg_replace(<span class="string">"/[a-zA-z]+/"</span>,<span class="string">''</span>,<span class="variable">$str</span>,3);</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样，就可以实现只替换三次。 另外，可以实现多对多数组的替换，这是一个比较常用的方法，例如</p>
                <figure class="highlight markdown">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">$str=" 字符串中php的替换函数，系统提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字lamp符串中的替换函数，[b]系统php提供的 字符串中[/b]的替换函数，系统提供php的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字符<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">b</span>&gt;</span></span>apache<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">b</span>&gt;</span></span>串中的替换函数，系统提供的 [u]mysql字符串中的替换函[/u]数，系统Apache提供的 字符串中的MySQL替换函数，系php统提供的 [i]字符串中的替换函数[/i]，系统提供的[size=7] 字符串中的php替换[/size]函数，系统提供的[color=Magenta] 字linux符串中的替[/color]换mysql函数，系统提供的php 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统php提供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的 字[align=center]符串[b]系统php提供的 字符串中[/b]中的替换函数[/align]，系[b]系统php提供的 字符串中[/b]统提php供的 字符串中的替换函数，系统提供的";</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">echo $str."<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">br</span>&gt;</span></span>";</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$ubbcodes=array(</span><br><span class="line">'/[<span class="string">b</span>](<span class="link">.*?</span>)[<span class="string">\/b</span>]/i',</span><br><span class="line">'/[<span class="string">u</span>](<span class="link">.*?</span>)[<span class="string">\/u</span>]/i',</span><br><span class="line">'/[<span class="string">i</span>](<span class="link">.*?</span>)[<span class="string">\/i</span>]/i',</span><br><span class="line">'/[<span class="string">color=(.*?)</span>](<span class="link">.*?</span>)[<span class="string">\/color</span>]/',</span><br><span class="line">'/[<span class="string">size=(.*?)</span>](<span class="link">.*?</span>)[<span class="string">\/size</span>]/',</span><br><span class="line">'/[<span class="string">align=(.*?)</span>](<span class="link">.*?</span>)[<span class="string">\/align</span>]/'</span><br><span class="line">);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$htmls=array(</span><br><span class="line">'<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">b</span>&gt;</span></span>\1<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">b</span>&gt;</span></span>',</span><br><span class="line">'<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">u</span>&gt;</span></span>\1<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">u</span>&gt;</span></span>',</span><br><span class="line">'<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">i</span>&gt;</span></span>\1<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">i</span>&gt;</span></span>',</span><br><span class="line">'<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">font</span> <span class="attr">color</span>=<span class="string">"\1"</span>&gt;</span></span>\2<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">font</span>&gt;</span></span>',</span><br><span class="line">'<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">font</span> <span class="attr">size</span>=<span class="string">"\1"</span>&gt;</span></span>\2<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">font</span>&gt;</span></span>',</span><br><span class="line">'<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">p</span> <span class="attr">align</span>=<span class="string">"\1"</span>&gt;</span></span>\2<span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">p</span>&gt;</span></span>'</span><br><span class="line">);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">echo preg_replace($ubbcodes,$htmls,$str);</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>上面就可以实现中括号标签转化为HTML标签。 好，关于正则表达式函数，掌握这三个就基本够用了，其他的还有正则表达式分割函数，直接用PHP里面的字符串分割即可，不在此叙述了。</p>
                <h2 id="本篇总结"><a href="#本篇总结" class="headerlink" title="本篇总结"></a>本篇总结</h2>
                <p><strong>本篇介绍了正则表达式的相关语法以及在PHP中的正则表达式匹配函数，以上所有便是PHP正则表达式的相关内容，希望对大家有帮助~</strong></p>
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                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#简述正则表达式"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">简述正则表达式</span></a>
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